The former player: 'I really hoped to carry on my rugby career'
Important note: This piece contains details of discriminatory language and behaviour
FormerEngland player Luther Burrell claims that going public to reveal racism in professional rugby led his professional journey to an early end.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the game, displaying Whatsapp messages and recalling training ground "jokes" he had been exposed to while playing for Newcastle.
At that time 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to retire because of what occurred," he explained to reporters.
"I wanted to carry on competing, of course I did. I sought that, and it collapsed when word emerged that there were inquiries going on.
"This situation was difficult - I had to simply come to terms with the outcome and understand that this whole situation is a lot bigger than me."
A rugby governing body report in April 2023 found Burrell's allegations were true "likely correct", but said it could not collect enough evidence to definitively say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell played in all of England's international games in 2014-15, but was controversially excluded for their team for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell revealed to media he also encountered prejudice within the England team environment, during a international career that saw him earn 15 caps after his debut in February 2014.
"I've had multiple traumatic experiences within the national team," he stated.
"Certain instances of discrimination and other just old-school mentality that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become accepted in dressing rooms, in Burrell's experience.
"It's something that has been disguised as banter and that's been the problem that I've personally suffered and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican descent.
"During a extended period you just begin to believe that it's the standard and that is fine and that it's not malicious, but that's nonsense."
Burrell explains he was eventually spurred to speak out after a team-mate at Newcastle referred to him as a "slave" and told him to put sun cream on his wrists and ankles "where your shackles were."
The governing body said Burrell's disclosures had led to "a deeper look at the culture within the elite game and to the introduction of an strategy for the elite level."
"We has given considerable attention on inclusion and diversity in rugby union and a substantial amount of work completed both prior and since Luther Burrell spoke publicly and revealed his experiences of racism and class discrimination," it added.
"The organization are ongoing work with clubs and stakeholders in the professional game to strive for a culture of inclusivity but acknowledge this requires patience and is an ongoing process."
Every Premiership and PWR club now has in-person education on creating welcoming cultures, with its effectiveness tracked via individual reports and surveys.
All England athletes, including age-grade squads, are educated in being "engaged observers" to intervene and protect others from harmful behaviour.
"You be so proud of what you have done," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the documentary Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"We know it has had this effect on you and finished your playing days, but in our eyes, you have achieved so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's father Geoff died soon after the filming of the film, and his sibling died earlier this year.
Burrell, who was raised on a social housing in Huddersfield, maintains his work to make the game more open.
His charitable organization aims to reach young people in under-served communities and help them thrive on and off the pitch with complimentary sports training, mentoring and dietary education.
"My motivations are genuine, I want to see the evolution of the game and if others is prepared to tell their experience then I'll continue to advocate for that fight because I'm not just pursuing this for myself," he said.
"We have an obligation to make the game as great as it can be and the more I speak about it perhaps the more comfortable others will become about discussing their own stories as well.
"I take the challenge by the opportunity and continue bearing this flag and keep carrying this weight and do what I can to develop possibilities and make the game more attractive and more welcoming.
"There are a lot of underprivileged children and a lot of economic hardship and I sincerely believe that the sport has the ability to transform their futures, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in late 2022